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Can the IMO implement a universal price on GHG pollution from international ships? Not unless it can be applied to the shadow fleet

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Peter Nuttall if the IMO is unable to enforce its existing regulatory framework to prevent or control oil pollution being discharged to water from the shadow fleet, how will it be able to enforce a universal price on atmospheric pollution from the same ships using proposed MARPOL amendments. If it cannot, it appears IMO will not be capable of delivering a universal regulatory regime to achieve the 2023 IMO Strategy but only a partial one. As the IMO targets for emissions reduction are set at fleet level, the compliant portion of the fleet would then need to achieve additional reductions to offset those not being achieved by the shadow fleet. The Secretary General of the International Maritime Organization, the specialized UN agency for regulating world shipping, is highly confident that the IMO is on track to deliver agreement in April 2025 on a combination of measures, including a global price on emissions, that can be applied fleet wide to drive full decarbonization by 2050 in line